# Sovereignty Module: Move the World

## Complete Transportation: From Trails to Vehicles

Transportation enables trade, defense, communication, and resource access. This campaign covers road construction, bridges, animal transport, wheeled vehicles, watercraft, and route planning for civilization-scale logistics.

### Chapter 1: Road Construction

| Road Type | Surface | Load Capacity | Speed | Build Rate | Lifespan | Cost |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cleared trail | Packed earth | Foot/pack animal | 2-3 mph | 1-2 miles/day | 1-2 years | Very low |
| Graded road | Gravel/earth | Light wagon | 3-5 mph | 0.5-1 mile/day | 3-5 years | Low |
| Corduroy road | Log surface | Heavy wagon (wet ground) | 2-3 mph | 200-500 ft/day | 2-5 years | Moderate |
| Macadam road | Layered crushed stone | Heavy wagon | 5-8 mph | 100-300 ft/day | 10-20 years | High |
| Roman-style road | Stone pavement | Unlimited | 5-10 mph | 50-100 ft/day | Centuries | Very high |
| Plank road | Sawn planks | Heavy wagon | 4-6 mph | 200-500 ft/day | 5-10 years | Moderate-high |

Macadam road construction: 1) Survey and grade route (1-3% crown for drainage). 2) Dig roadbed 12-18 inches deep, 12-20 feet wide. 3) Drainage ditches on both sides. 4) Bottom layer: large stones (3-4 inch) hand-placed, 6 inches deep. 5) Middle layer: medium stones (2 inch), 4 inches deep. 6) Top layer: fine crushed stone/gravel (0.5 inch), 2 inches deep. 7) Roll/compact each layer (heavy roller or traffic). 8) Water and compact top layer until it binds. 9) Crown shape sheds water to ditches.

### Chapter 2: Animal Transport

| Animal | Load (pack) | Load (pull) | Speed | Range/Day | Terrain | Feed Needs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Horse | 150-200 lbs | 1,500-2,000 lbs | 4-8 mph | 20-35 miles | Roads, trails | Grain + hay (20 lbs/day) |
| Mule | 200-300 lbs | 1,200-1,500 lbs | 3-5 mph | 20-30 miles | Mountain, rough | Grain + hay (15 lbs/day) |
| Donkey | 100-150 lbs | 600-800 lbs | 2-4 mph | 15-25 miles | Mountain, arid | Hay/browse (10 lbs/day) |
| Ox (pair) | N/A | 2,000-4,000 lbs | 2-3 mph | 10-15 miles | Any terrain | Grass/hay (40 lbs/pair/day) |
| Llama | 60-80 lbs | N/A | 2-3 mph | 10-15 miles | Mountain | Browse/grass (5 lbs/day) |
| Dog (sled/cart) | 20-40 lbs | 50-100 lbs | 3-6 mph | 10-20 miles | Snow, flat | Meat/fish (2-3 lbs/day) |
| Camel | 300-500 lbs | 1,000-1,500 lbs | 3-5 mph | 25-40 miles | Desert, flat | Browse (10 lbs/day) |

Ox vs. horse comparison: Oxen are slower but stronger, cheaper to feed (grass only), easier to train, more docile, and provide meat/leather at end of working life. Horses are faster, more versatile, but require grain (expensive), more training, and more veterinary care. For heavy agricultural and construction work, oxen are superior. For speed, communication, and military use, horses are essential.

### Chapter 3: Wheeled Vehicles

| Vehicle | Wheels | Load | Speed | Road Required | Build Complexity | Primary Use |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wheelbarrow | 1 | 200-400 lbs | Walking | Path | Low | Construction, farm |
| Hand cart | 2 | 300-600 lbs | Walking | Trail | Low | Local transport |
| Farm wagon | 4 | 2,000-4,000 lbs | 3-5 mph | Graded road | High | Agriculture, hauling |
| Spring wagon | 4 | 1,000-2,000 lbs | 5-8 mph | Good road | Very high | Passenger, light freight |
| Travois (no wheel) | 0 | 200-300 lbs | Walking-trot | None | Very low | Any terrain |
| Sled/sledge | 0 (runners) | 500-2,000 lbs | Variable | Snow/ice/mud | Low-moderate | Winter, wet ground |

Wheel construction (spoked): 1) Hub: turn from hardwood (elm/oak), bore center for axle, mortise spoke holes. 2) Spokes: split and shape from oak/hickory (12-14 per wheel). 3) Felloes: steam-bend or saw curved rim sections (6-8 pieces). 4) Assemble: drive spokes into hub, fit felloes around spoke ends. 5) Iron tire: heat iron band, fit over wheel (shrinks tight on cooling). 6) Dish the wheel slightly (cone shape) for strength and tracking. 7) Axle: iron or hardwood, with iron bearing surfaces.

### Chapter 4: Watercraft

| Vessel | Capacity | Build Time | Materials | Waters | Speed | Difficulty |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Log raft | 500-2,000 lbs | 1-3 days | Logs, rope | Rivers (downstream) | Current speed | Very low |
| Dugout canoe | 200-500 lbs | 1-4 weeks | Large log, fire, tools | Rivers, calm water | 3-5 mph | Moderate |
| Bark canoe | 300-600 lbs | 1-2 weeks | Birch bark, cedar, spruce root | Rivers, lakes | 4-6 mph | High |
| Coracle | 200-300 lbs | 2-5 days | Willow frame, hide/tar cloth | Rivers, calm water | 2-4 mph | Low-moderate |
| Flat-bottom boat | 1,000-3,000 lbs | 2-4 weeks | Sawn planks, nails | Rivers, lakes | 3-5 mph | Moderate |
| Sailing dinghy | 500-1,000 lbs | 4-8 weeks | Planks, canvas, hardware | Lakes, coastal | 5-10 mph | High |

### Chapter 5: Route Planning

| Factor | Consideration | Impact | Mitigation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Grade/slope | Max 5% for wagons, 8% for pack | Speed, load capacity | Switchbacks, grading |
| Water crossings | Bridges, fords, ferries needed | Cost, seasonal access | Ford at wide/shallow points |
| Drainage | Wet roads become impassable | Seasonal reliability | Crown, ditches, culverts |
| Soil type | Clay = mud; sand = soft; gravel = ideal | Surface durability | Import gravel, corduroy |
| Distance between water | Animals need water every 10-15 miles | Route selection | Follow waterways |
| Security | Exposed routes vulnerable | Safety | Avoid defiles, maintain sight lines |
| Maintenance | All roads degrade without upkeep | Long-term viability | Assign road crews |

### Reference Card

1. Drainage makes roads (a dry road is a good road — crown, ditches, and culverts matter more than surface material). 2. Oxen for heavy, horses for fast (match animal to task — don't waste horses on plowing). 3. Wheels need roads (invest in road before investing in wagons). 4. Water is the cheapest highway (one boat moves what 20 wagons carry — use rivers when possible). 5. Grade kills loads (5% slope halves pulling capacity — switchbacks save animals). 6. Iron tires last (wooden wheels without iron bands wear out in weeks on gravel). 7. Maintain or lose (one season without maintenance = road failure; assign permanent crews). 8. Plan for water (route must cross water sources every 10-15 miles for animals).